Tablica Mendeleeva Po Himii

Populyarnaya biblioteka himicheskih elementov > ', 2002 V nachale XIXv. V Shvecii byli naideny novye bogatye mestorozhdeniya zheleznoi rudy. Odna za drugoi sooruzhalis' domennye pechi. No chto primechatel'no: pri odinakovyh usloviyah nekotorye iz nih davali zhelezo udivitel'noi kovkosti, v to vremya kak iz drugih poluchalsya bolee hrupkii metall. Posle mnogih bezuspeshnyh popytok naladit' process vyplavki vysokokachestvennogo metalla v 'plohih' domnah metallurgi obratilis' za pomosh'yu k himikam, i v 1830 g.

Nil'su Sefstremu udalos' vydelit' iz shlaka 'luchshih' domen neizvestnyi chernyi poroshok. Sefstrem sdelal vyvod, chto izumitel'nuyu kovkost' metallu pridaet prisutstvie v rude kakogo-to neizvestnogo elementa, soderzhashegosya v chernom poroshke. Etot novyi element Sefstrem nazval vanadiem v chest' legendarnoi Vanadis - bogini krasoty drevnih skandinavov.

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Otkrytie novogo elementa vsegda bylo bol'shoi chest'yu dlya uchenogo. Poetomu mozhno predstavit' sebe ogorchenie meksikanskogo mineraloga Andresa Manuelya del' Rio, kotoryi eshe v 1801 g. Obnaruzhil v svincovoi rude nikogda ne vstrechavshiisya prezhde element i nazval ego eritroniem. No, usomnivshis' v sobstvennyh vyvodah, del' Rio otkazalsya ot svoego otkrytiya, reshiv, chto vstretilsya s nedavno otkrytym hromom. Eshe bol'shee razocharovanie postiglo blestyashego nemeckogo himika Fridriha Velera.

V te zhe gody, chto i Sefstremu, emu dovelos' issledovat' zheleznye rudy, privezennye iz Meksiki L.Gumbol'dtom. Te samye, chto issledoval del' Rio. Veler tozhe nashel v nih chto-to neobychnoe, no ego issledovaniya prervala bolezn'. Kogda on vozobnovil rabotu, bylo uzhe pozdno - Sefstrem obnarodoval svoe otkrytie. Svoistva novogo elementa sovpadali s temi, chto byli zaneseny v odin iz laboratornyh zhurnalov Velera.

I tol'ko v 1869 g., spustya 39 let posle otkrytiya Sefstrem a, element N 23 vpervye byl vydelen v otnositel'no chistom vide. Angliiskii himik G.Rosko, deistvuya vodorodom na hloristyi vanadii, poluchil elementarnyi vanadii chistotoi okolo 96%. V chistom vide vanadii - kovkii metall svetlo-serogo cveta. On pochti v poltora raza legche zheleza, plavitsya pri temperature 1900 25 oC, a temperatura ego kipeniya 3400 oC. Pri komnatnoi temperature v suhom vozduhe on dovol'no passiven himicheski, no pri vysokih temperaturah legko soedinyaetsya s kislorodom, azotom i drugimi elementami. V soedineniyah vanadii proyavlyaet chetyre valentnosti. Izvestny soedineniya dvuh-, treh-, chetyreh- i pyativalentnogo vanadiya.