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The Harvard College Observatory (now the Center for Astrophysics) in Cambridge, Massachusetts has long been a bastion of astronomical research, its history stretching back to the center's founding in 1839. But for the first forty years of its existence, the HCO was quite literally an old boys club.

While amateur female astronomers helped fund and even construct the observatory's telescopes, 'it wasn't really seen as proper to allow them out on the roof, in the night, on their own, to actually use instruments,' Daina Bouquin, Head Librarian of the Wolbach Library at the Center for Astrophysics and lead of, told Engadget. 'The beginning of the whole capacity to do that starts like photography, with people putting together these all-sky surveys,' she continued. 'And the first group of people to do that, to put together a full survey of the entire visible universe at the time was the Harvard Computers.' In the mid-1870s, the fourth director of the HCO, Edward Charles Pickering, started to hire specifically to perform detailed analysis upon the observatory's growing collection of glass plate photographs. 'Basically, the advent of photography and glass plate photography, in particular, allowed women to get involved with the science for the first time,' Bouquin said. But woe be to those who underestimate the Computers' contributions to modern astronomy. Take Henrietta Swan Leavitt, one of the early members at the HCO, for example.

These stars dim and brighten at regular intervals within a set range of luminosity. In Leavitt's era, the map of the universe was effectively flat, the concept of gravity wells was still years away from formulation, and astronomers were effectively unable to measure distance across space.

But through her rigorous observations and analysis, Leavitt developed the, which is now called Leavitt's Law. You may not have heard of Leavitt, but you're probably familiar with a man named Edwin Hubble. The former was nominated for the Nobel Prize after her death 'because this relationship that she noticed can only really be seen across many, many plates and the very strange reductions that she did, it wound up being the basis of Hubble's work,' Bouquin said. 'She made it so that you could tell distance, and so then when Hubble took that calculation and incorporated it into his work, he was able to prove that we weren't the only galaxy.' Leavitt's work is also fundamental to Einstein's theories of relativity and the curvature of space.

'Our understanding of whether or not the universe is the galaxy or something much greater than that,' Bouquin exclaimed, 'comes from the work of this one woman studying these plates.' Pickerings plan was to take full-sky surveys, photographing the night sky onto glass plates, then compare the plates to see how celestial objects move and interact over time. The catalogue itself was, and still is, massive. Between 1860 and 1990 the HCO compiled a collection of more than 500,000 glass plate photographs from all over the world. 'This is the most comprehensive picture we have going back,' Bouquin expounded.

'And it's longitudinal time series data, so that you can actually see how individual objects change over time.' Through their work, the Harvard Computers compiled more than 2,500 log books filled with precise measurements and graphs of their analyses, 'what they were doing, what they're writing, their notes and their techniques -- all of the metadata, essentially -- about their observations' went into the log books, Bouquin said. But after completion, these log books were largely forgotten. They spent more than four decades being transferred between various archives and libraries within the school. 'They just sort of went with the plates,' Bouquin said. 'And a lot of the focus for the longest time has been on getting the data off of the plates, because that's really the magnitudes and the photometry in the light curves that the scientists need.' DASCH student workers scanning plates Indeed, researchers have spent the last 15 years digitizing the school's glass plate collection as part of the (Digital Access to a Sky Century @ Harvard) program.